Grammar – Hoptanglish

Abbreviations

Class

Abbreviation	Meaning
n.	noun
adj.	adjective
adj. ppl.	adjective (participial)
nm.	mass noun
vt.	verb (transitive)
vi.	verb (intransitive)
vt./i.	verb (transitive or intransitive)
v. ph.	phrasal verb
v.	verb
adv.	adverb
int.	interjection
pl. n.	plural noun
pl. n. (treated as singular)	plural noun (treated as singular)
abbr.	abbreviation
vm.	modal verb
ag.	agent
pa.	patient
pr. n.	proper noun
num. (car.)	cardinal number
num. (ord.)	ordinal number
comb.	combining form
ctr.	contraction
exp.	expression
d.	determiner
pred.	predeterminer
pos. pron.	possessive pronoun
pos. det.	possessive determiner
pref.	prefix
prep.	preposition
pro.	pronoun
cj.	conjunction
sen.	sentence
suf.	suffix
vr.	verb (retransitive)
id.	idiom
adj., adv.	adjective, adverb
prep., adv.	preposition, adverb
adv., adj.	adverb, adjective

Register

Abbreviation	Meaning
inf.	informal
inf., derog.	informal, derogatory
sl.	slang
sl., derog.	slang, derogatory
vul. sl.	vulgar slang
derog.	derogatory
oft. derog.	often derogatory
off.	offensive
euph.	euphemistic
hum.	humorous
iron.	ironic
oft. iron.	often ironic
idiom.	idiomatic
lit.	literary
form.	formal
form. or hum.	formal or humerous
tech.	technical
dial.	dialect
dat.	dated
r.	rare
arch.	archaic
hist.	historical
obs.	obsolete
orb.	orbstorle
bl. sl	black slang
bus. sl.	business slang
cr. sl.	criminal slang
cant	cant
Int. sl.	Internet slang
lex. sl.	lexicographer's slang
mil. sl.	military slang
naut. sl.	nautical slang
rhym. sl.	rhyming slang
surf. sl.	surfing slang
theat. sl.	theatrical slang
uni. sl.	university slang
complim.	complimentary
semi-form.	semi-formal
j.	jive
lit.	literally

Language

Abbreviation	Meaning
A.I.	Anglo-Indian
Ab.	Aboriginal
Af.	Afrikaans
Al.	Aleut
Ar.	Arabic
Aram.	Aramaic
Au.	Australian
Az.	Azerbaijani
Br.	British
Bret.	Breton
Bu.	Bukid
Ch.	Chinese
Cr.	Croatian
Da.	Danish
Du.	Dutch
Du., S.A.	South African Dutch
E.	English
Es.	Estonian
Eg.	Egyptian
Fi.	Finnish
Fr.	French
Hp.	Hoptanglish
Ha.	Hausa
He.	Hebrew
Hi.	Hindi
Hw.	Hawaiian
It.	Italian
Ic.	Icelandic
In.	Indian
Ir.	Irish
Jp.	Japanese
Jv.	Javanese
K.	Kurdish
L.	Latin
M.E.	Middle English
Ma.	Maltese
N.A.	North America
N.L.	New Latin
Nh.	Nahuatl
Ns.	Nadsat
Nw.	Norwegian
O.E.	Old English
O.F.	Old French
O.Fris.	Old Frisian
O.N.	Old Norse
Pe.	Persian
Po.	Portuguese
Pr.	Provençal
Q.	Quechua
Gr.	Greek
Gr., Anc.	Ancient Greek
G.C.	Guadeloupian Creole
Ge.	German
Gg.	Georgian
Go.	Gothic
Gu.	Gullah
Ro.	Romany
Ru.	Russian
S.A.	South African
Sc.	Scottish
Sk.	Sanskrit
Sn.	Snigletese
Sp.	Spanish
Su.	Sundanese
Swa.	Swahili
Swe.	Swedish
Te.	Telugu
Th.	Thai
Tu.	Turkish
Tz.	Tz'utujil
U.S.	United States
Un.	Unwinese
Ur.	Urdu
V.	Volapük
W.	Welsh
Wi.	Wiradjuri
W.I.	West Indian
Y.	Yiddish
Z.	Zulu

Pronunciation

Pronunciation is given after the headword, using the symbols from the IPA, or International Phonetic Alphabet.

Consonants	Example
g	go, boggle, gherkin
ʤ	jukebox, smudge
tʃ	chamber-pot, swatch
ʃ	mosh, shemozzle
ʒ	visionary, bricolage
θ	thrum, mirth
ð	there, blithering, soothe
j	yearn, yahoo
ɲ	cognac, signorina
ŋ	kangaroo, ning-nong
χ	Bach, loch, och!
ɬ	Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, e.g. Hop. Hlaganelm

Vowels	Example
ӕ	slab, catnap, tap-dancing
ɛ	yet, epicure
ә	quaver, abuzz
ɪ	picnic, encrypt
i	happy, silly
ɒ	dot, optical, amok
ʌ	up, thunderstruck
ʊ	put, woof
ɑː	qualm, barmy, galah
ɛː	rare, solitaire, where
әː	word, absurd, iceberg
iː	teem, belief
ɔː	centaur, ripsnorting, adore
ɔ	French ‘bon’, ‘blanc’
uː	maroon, fortitude, tickety-boo

Diphthongs	Example
ʌɪ	fly, awry, sigh
aʊ	wow, flounder
eɪ	sleigh, faraway
әʊ	oath, dodo
ɪә	pier, buccaneer, leapyear
ɔɪ	poi, enjoy
ʊә	pure, obscure, renewer

Triphthongs	Example
ʌɪә	lyre, choir, quagmire
aʊә	tower, hour
ɪaʊ	miaow!

Stress	Example
ˈ	This symbol indicates that the following syllable has primary stress.
ˌ	This symbol indicates that the following syllable has secondary stress.
ˈˌˈˌˈˌˈ	When compounded, these symbols indicate that the following syllable has all sorts of stress.

Pronouns

Form	First person	Second person	Third person
Form	First person	Second person	Masculine	Feminine	Unspecified
singular	itchy	tawa	egg	tea	din
plural	yoyo	tatro	eglantine	teagarden	denim
possessive	cheeze	wize	shlize	teaze	nize
possessive plural	yoize	troize	gleeze	gardeeze	neeze

Additional pronouns and possessive forms

Word	Meaning
doubleyou	the polite form of tatro, the second person plural, often written 'w'
ume	you (singular) and me
erm	him or her
ermbo	himself or herself
igbo	myself
voo	the third person addressed through the second person, such as when you're commanding a demon to leave the soul of your friend, or when you're asking your dead grandfather whether the medium channelling him is a fraud
voor	the possessive pronoun of voo
quilbert	a person; anyone
gogwot	anything
goatmeal	anything
thumptig	something
orleyoo	used to refer to everyone being spoken to
twoself	two's self; the reflective other
dow	my
otherbody	someone else

Verb Tenses

Most of the simple tenses are used with the same rules as English.

Let’s take the verb twingle (to shine inwardly).

Present

Change nothing but the 3rd person singular by adding -s:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twingle.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twingle.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twingles.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twingle.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twingle.
Plural	3rd	Denim twingle.

Present Participle

Drop any ending e and add -ing:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy am twingling.
Singular	2nd	Tawa are twingling.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din is twingling.
Plural	1st	Yoyo are twingling.
Plural	2nd	Tatro are twingling.
Plural	3rd	Denim are twingling.

Past

Drop any ending e and add -ed:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twingled.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twingled.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twingled.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twingled.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twingled.
Plural	3rd	Denim twingled.

Imperfect

This tense indicates a past yet incomplete action in progress.

Drop any ending e, add -ing and stick a was/were in front:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy was twingling.
Singular	2nd	Tawa were twingling.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din was twingling.
Plural	1st	Yoyo were twingling.
Plural	2nd	Tatro were twingling.
Plural	3rd	Denim were twingling.

Advocative

This mood is equivalent to the imperfect, with just one addition:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy was just twingling.
Singular	2nd	Tawa were just twingling.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din was just twingling.
Plural	1st	Yoyo were just twingling.
Plural	2nd	Tatro were just twingling.
Plural	3rd	Denim were just twingling.

Future

Drop any ending e and add -el. In English this would be “I will twingle”, so think of it as postponing your will till later: I twingle will, I twingle’ll, I twinglel:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twinglel.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twinglel.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twinglel.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twinglel.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twinglel.
Plural	3rd	Denim twinglel.

Laterative

The laterative is a verb form used for expressing actions or conditions in the flanxpel, that sideways direction of time which is perpendicular to the evertether.

Drop any ending e and add -eh (pronounced “air”):

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twingleh.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twingleh.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twingleh.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twingleh.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twingleh.
Plural	3rd	Denim twingleh.

Twillative

The twillative is a verb form used for expressing actions or conditions in the twillow, the direction of time branching off in a forty-five degree angle from the evertether, lying halfway between the future and the flanxpel.

Drop any ending e and add -i (pronounced “ee”):

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twingli.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twingli.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twingli.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twingli.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twingli.
Plural	3rd	Denim twingli.

Diagonagotive

The diagonagotive is a verb form used for expressing actions or conditions in the diagonago, the direction of time branching off in a forty-five degree angle from the evertether, lying halfway between the flanxpel and the past.

Drop any ending e and add -aw:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twinglaw.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twinglaw.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twinglaw.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twinglaw.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twinglaw.
Plural	3rd	Denim twinglaw.

Mañondulent

The mañondulent is a verb form used for expressing actions or conditions in the mañondu, outside of time.

Drop any ending e and add -voriola:

Number	Person	Example
Singular	1st	Itchy twinglevoriola.
Singular	2nd	Tawa twinglevoriola.
Singular	3rd	Egg / tea / din twinglevoriola.
Plural	1st	Yoyo twinglevoriola.
Plural	2nd	Tatro twinglevoriola.
Plural	3rd	Denim twinglevoriola.